CREATIVITY GAME

Kristjan Lavtižar:

Urban Planning, Public Health and Urban Climatology Through History

DOI 10.15292/IU-CG.2021.09.024-033 | UDK 711.4:551:614 | SUBMITTED: 9/2021 | REVISED: 10/2021 | PUBLISHED: 12/2021
Author's affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture, Slovenia

PDF

ABSTRACT
It is a well-established fact in the profession of climatologists that anthropological procedures in an urban landscape create a region-specific climate. This was followed by the realization that urban planning is an important variable as well. While this is already known, today this issue is often not addressed in practice and does not affect the very process of urban planning, urban design or other disciplines dealing with spatial planning. The article includes an overview of the history of urban planning to try to determine when and in what context of urban climatology and public health have interventions in space been planned in the past. The scope of research includes a review of literary material with addressing some exceptional cases of spatial planning in practice that were characteristic of individual periods in architecture and urbanism. The aim of the study is also to investigate the reasons why the urban planners of the past have used climate studies the process of spatial design. Are there special reasons that led to the emergence of some plans, that we perceive differently or incompletely today, without understanding the important social background? The central part of the paper presents some key conclusions that deal with individual climatological starting points, which are common to the relevant urban theorists and reference projects cited.

KEYWORDS
climatology, climate urbanism, urban planning, history of urbanism, public health

FULL ARTICLE
https://iu-cg.org/paper/2021/IU-CG.2021.09.024-033.pdf (2.67 MB)

CITATION

Copy citation to clipboard (APA style)

LITERATURE AND SOURCES:
AEC architecture of early adulthood (2011). OPEN-AIR SCHOOLS IN EUROPE. Pridobljeno 28.7.2021, na: http://www.architectureofearlychildhood.com/2011/05/open-air-schools-in-europe.html
Anderson, D. (2010). Humanizing the hospital: design lessons from a Finnish sanatorium. Cmaj, 182(11), E535-E537.  https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090075
Calman, K. (1998). The 1848 Public Health Act and its relevance to improving public health in England now. Bmj, 317(7158).  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7158.596
Carriou, C., & Ratouis, O. (2014). Is there a model for sustainable urban planning? Series: The Renewed Relevance of Urban-Planning Models, 1-7.
Chadwick E. (1965). Report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population of Great Britain 1842. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.  https://doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199554652.003.0058
Châtelet, A. M. (2008). A breath of fresh air: Open-air schools in Europe. Designing modern childhoods: History, space, and the material culture of children.  https://doi.org/10.1080/14733280802631013
Christen, A., 2014: Atmospheric measurement techniques to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from cities. Urban Climate, 10, 241–260.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.04.006
Cicak, T., & Tynan, N. (2015). Mapping London's water companies and cholera deaths. The London Journal, 40(1).  https://doi.org/10.1179/0305803414Z.00000000057
Condrau, F. (2000). Lungenheilanstalt und Patientenschicksal: Sozialgeschichte der Tuberkulose in Deutschland und England im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert 137(1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.  https://doi.org/10.13109/9783666357015.37
Corbett, S. J. (2007). Channelling Edwin Chadwick: beyond utopian thinking in urban planning policy and health. New South Wales public health bulletin, 18(10).  https://doi.org/10.1071/nb07095
Crook L. (2019). Hopkins' Portcullis House demonstrated that high-tech could be adapted to historic settings. Pridobljeno 8.4.2021, na: https://www.dezeen.com/2019/12/05/michael-patty-hopkins-portcullis-house-high-tech-architecture/
Cruickshank, M. (1977). „The Open‐Air School Movement in English Education“. Paedagogica Historica 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/0030923770170105
Douglas, I., (1983). The Urban Environment. Edward Arnold, London.
Duhl, L. J., Sanchez, A. K., & World Health Organization. (1999). Healthy cities and the city planning process: a background document on links between health and urban planning (No. EUR/ICP/CHDV 03 04 03). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.  https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955727.00009
Eylers, E. (2014). Planning the nation: the sanatorium movement in Germany. The Journal of Architecture, 19(5), 667-692.  https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2014.966587
Flanders, J. (2015). Victorian City: Everyday Life in Dickens' London. Atlantic Books.
Frachon M. & Bellot, M. (2020). The Outdoor School: A Revolution. Suresnes Mag No. 315. Pridobljeno 3.5.2021, na: https://suresnes-mag.fr/decouvrir/histoires-suresnoises/lecole-de-plein-air-une-revolution/
Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in evolution: an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. London, Williams. https://doi.org/10.2307/1779702
Giedion, S. (1955). Walter Gropius: work and teamwork.  https://doi.org/10.2307/425872
Hardy, A. (1984). Water and the search for public health in London in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Medical history, 28(3), 250-282.  https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300035936
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity. Blackwell, Oxford.
Hebbert, M., & Mackillop, F. (2013). Urban climatology applied to urban planning: a postwar knowledge circulation failure. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12046
HgsTrust. Raymond Unwin's map 1911. Pridobljeno 5.5.2021, na: https://www.hgstrust.org/the-suburb/maps.shtml
Imperatives, S. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. 10, 1-300.
Jeffries, N. (2006). The Metropolis Local Management Act and the archaeology of sanitary reform in the London Borough of Lambeth 1856–86. Post-Medieval Archaeology, 40(2), 272-290.  https://doi.org/10.1179/174581306x143115
Keeble, B. R. (1988). The Brundtland report:‘Our common future’. Medicine and war, 4(1), 17-25.  https://doi.org/10.1080/07488008808408783
Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S., & Bunje, P. (2011). The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental pollution, 159(8-9), 1965-1973.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.012
Last, J. M. (2007). A dictionary of public health. Oxford University Press, USA.  https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780191844386.001.0001
Lavtižar, K. (2019). Uporaba vetrnih modelov pri modeliranju zazidave na primeru soseske Novi Bežigrad v Ljubljani : magistrsko delo. [K. Lavtižar].
Lavtižar K., (2020). Temelji in tehnologije naravnega prezračevanja stavb. Igra ustvarjalnosti/Creativity Game, (8). https://doi.org/10.15292/iu-cg.2020.08.020-027
Lavtižar, K; Čerpes, I. (2015). John Nash - Regent Street: mestna prenova s kraljevo pomočjo = John Nash - Regent Street: urban renewal with royal support. Ljubljana, Igra ustvarjalnosti, (3).  https://doi.org/10.15292/iu-cg.2015.03.068-076
Lowry, W.P., 1988: Atmospheric Ecology for Designers and Planners, Peavine Publications, McMinnville, Oregon.
LeGates, R. T., & Stout, F. (Eds.). (2015). The city reader. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9000900207
Lynch, K., & Lynch, K. R. (1960). The image of the city (Vol. 11). MIT press.
Lin, Z. (2010). Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist movement: urban utopias of modern Japan. Routledge.
Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje (2017). Letno poročilo Nacionalnega inštituta za javno zdravje (2016). Pridobljeno 13.9.2021 na strani: https://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/uploaded/letno_porocilo_2016.pdf
Maldonado, J. M. (2009). Cities and pollution. Revista de Ingeniería, (30), 66-71.
Martin, L. (2007). Team 10, 1953–1981: In Search of a Utopia of the Present.
McLaren, Duncan; Agyeman, Julian (2015). Sharing Cities: A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities. MIT Press.
Ministrstvi za zdravje (2013). Strategija razvoja dejavnosti javnega zdravja 2013–2023, Ministrstvo za zdravje Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana. Pridobljeno 2.9.2021 na strani: http://www.mz.gov.si/fileadmin/mz.gov.si/pageuploads/javno_zdravje_2013/-javna_obravnava.pdf
Molero-Mesa, J. (2010). " The right not to suffer consumption": Health, welfare charity, and the working class in Spain during the restoration period. In Tuberculosis Then and Now: Perspectives on the History of an Infectious Disease (pp. 171-188).
Mumford, E. (2018). Designing the modern city: Urbanism since 1850. Yale University Press.  https://doi.org/10.37862/aaeportal.00037
Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., & Voogt, J. A. (2017). Urban climates. Cambridge University Press.  https://doi.org/10.22201/ffyl.26832275e.2019.2.1091
Olsen, D.J., (1986). The city as a work of art: London, Paris, Vienna. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
Pawlikowska-Piechotka, A., & Piechotka, M. (2014). Phenomenon of spa town as a health resort and leisure destination. Architecture Civil Engineering Environment, 7(2), 23-32.
Peterson, J. A. (2018). The impact of sanitary reform upon American urban planning, 1840-1890 (pp. 13-39). Routledge.  https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351309967-2
Ringen, K. (1979). Edwin Chadwick, the market ideology, and sanitary reform: on the nature of the 19th-century public health movement. International Journal of Health Services, 9(1), 107-120.  https://doi.org/10.2190/lr4g-x2nk-9363-f1ec
Sajko, S. (2009). Krajevna kulturna zgodovina Rogaške Slatine. Doktorska disertacija, Univerza v Mariboru, Filozofska fakulteta.
Snow J. (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. London: John Churchill. Pridobljeno 8.9.2021 na strain: https://archive.org/details/b28985266/page/n57/mode/2up
Slovenski šolski muzej (1999). Šolstvo na Slovenskem skozi stoletja do 1918 (II.) del. Ljubljana.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (1995). Constitution of the world health organization.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (2016). Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (2020). Hygiene overview. Pridobljeno 2.6.2021 na strani: https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene
Stralen, M.v. (2015), "The machine for living in the conversational age". Kybernetes, Vol. 44 (8/9), pp. 1388-1396.  https://doi.org/10.1108/K-11-2014-0241
Watts, M. (2017). Cities spearhead climate action. Nature Climate Change, 7(8), 537.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3358
Wear, A. (2016). Planning, funding and delivering social infrastructure in Australia’s outer suburban growth areas. Urban policy and research, 34(3), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2015.1099523
While, A., Jonas, A. E., & Gibbs, D. (2004). The environment and the entrepreneurial city: Searching for the urban ‘sustainability fix’ in Manchester and Leeds. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(3), 549–569.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00535.x
Wiebenson, D. (1960). Utopian Aspects of Tony Garnier's Cité Industrielle. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 19(1), 16-24.  https://doi.org/10.2307/987962
Wood, F. D. (2004). Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford University Press.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/91810
Worpole, K. (2000). Here comes the sun: architecture and public space in twentieth-century European culture. Reaktion Books.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2008.01.001
Zaletel, K. L., Eržen, I. & Kukec, A., (2016). Zdravje in okolje študijsko gradivo za EMŠ medicina. Ljubljana (Mestna občina Ljubljana): Katedra za javno zdravje Medicinske fakultete.
Zieher, O. (1902). Gruss aus Bad Rohitsch-Sauerbrunn - zdraviliški park. Pridobljeno 22.4.2021, na: https://www.kamra.si/mm-elementi/item/gruss-aus-bad-rohitsch-sauerbrunn.html